1. في المركبات ذات الحلقات المتوترة ، فإن الزوايا المفترضة على أساس التهجين لا تساوي في كثير من الأحيان الزوايا التي يتم الحصول عليها من خلال المراكز الذرية المرتبطة. في هذه الحالات ، فإنه يُفترض في بعض الأحيان أن الفلك الرابط يصبح مثنيًا أو يشبه شكل الموز. و المثال على …
أكمل القراءة »Introduction to Organic chemistry: Chapter 2 NOTES
Introduction to Organic chemistry: Chapter 2 NOTES Acids and Bases A great many organic reactions are acid–base reactions. Many organic reactions are catalyzed by proton-donating acids, such as H3O+ and CH3OH2+. Others are catalyzed by Lewis acids, such as AlCl3 . 2.1 What Are Arrhenius Acids and Bases? According to …
أكمل القراءة »ملخص الفصل الرابع :أنواع التفاعلات الكيميائية و العلاقات الكمية للمحاليل من كتاب الكيمياء للعالم زومدال Chapter 4 notes: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry , Chemistry Zumdahl
ملخص الفصل الرابع :أنواع التفاعلات الكيميائية و العلاقات الكمية للمحاليل من كتاب الكيمياء للعالم زومدال Chapter 4 notes: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry , Chemistry Zumdahl إذا كنت تبحث عن باقي الفصول فالرجاء الضغط على الروابط الآتية : الفصل الأول : ملخص الفصل الأول :أساسيات الكيمياء للعالم زومدال Chapter …
أكمل القراءة »CHEMICAL ENERGETICS
Internal energy: The energy stored in a fixed amount of a substance (atom or molecule) is known as its internal energy. It is denoted by the sign E. Change in internal energy: It is the difference in the internal energies of the product and the reactant species taking part in …
أكمل القراءة »Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond: It is a bond formed between a hydrogen atom attached to a highly electrovalent atom (F,O,N) and another highly electronegative atom of the same or different molecule and having a lone pair of electrons. Condition for hydrogen bonding : (i) The electronegative atom attached to the hydrogen should …
أكمل القراءة »Difference between σ and π bonds
Difference between σ and π bonds σ bond π bond (i) The orbitals overlap along their axes. (ii) The overlap is quite appreciable and the bond formed is a strong bond. (iii) s-orbitals can participate in the bond formation. (iv) In case of p-orbitals, the participating lobe is stretched and …
أكمل القراءة »Chemical Bonding
Chemical bond: The attractive force which holds together the constituent atoms of chemical compounds is called chemical bond. Combination of atoms: It. is universal law of nature that systems with lower energy are more stable. So atoms combine to form a molecule because it has a· lower energy i.e., more …
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